INSTITUTIONAL MONEY
Institutional money is a currency invested by monotonous Investors. Monotonous investors are those persons or organizations who deal with bond and security in large quantities generated from forwards and swaps. Institutional or Monotonous money is actually an Investment fund (this money is used for the purpose of investment). Monotonous investors are the largest part of the smart money group that can include Banks, insurance companies, hedge funds, mutual funds, university endowments, private equity funds. Institutional investors usually deal in such bonds that are not available to Retail investors. These investors typically deal 10,000 or more shares at one time and only engage in big deals with large sums of money.
BITCOIN HALVING
As name indicates Halving is dividing the mining reward generated from bitcoin (or) the production from bitcoin will split up in such a way that it could generate only 50 percent of submitted value. The main purpose of halving is to control inflation. Bitcoin halving helps in maintaining a fixed supply by cutting off in half the bitcoin mining reward. Halving also allows to minimize the available supply; halving of bitcoin is typically surrounded by volatility, immense guess work and unpredictable how the market will react for halving in future.
BITCOIN TRANSACTION TO DIGITAL GOLD
Nowadays, Bit coiners consider Bitcoin deals in the form of digital gold rather than considering bitcoin as an efficient payment system and for the time being Gold becomes acceptable in the form of digital currency. Bitcoin & Digital Gold both are decentralized assets. Investors who believe in its long term value to a decentralized market deal with Digital Gold. Bitcoin as Digital Gold means technology behind bitcoin can be used to create a digital version of physical Gold.
Retail as well as Monotonous Investors consider Digital Gold as a safe and retreat asset. New adopters or Lifelong Bit coiners pursue Bitcoin afar from Digital Version of Gold. In a physical world Gold is a traditional investment, but now it’s a digital world and appeal for Digital Investment arises Bitcoin as well as Bitcoin as Digital gold both are the barriers against Fiat monetary system and have complementary roles to play Bitcoin is verifiable via a block chain easy to make transfers more compatible than Gold.
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LIGHTNING NETWORK
Lightning Network comes into existence with an aim to overcome the limitations of Bitcoin deals , the very initial limitation is bitcoin suffers from slow transaction speed & it involves immense transaction cost. Lightning network is an approach of granting crypto currencies & bitcoin to accommodate more transactions at the same time. The main core of the lightning network is to control the bit coin’s micro payment channels; however, micro payment protocol allows two parties to open a channel for multiple payments, and the payments that are made through that channel do not hit the block chain until the channel is closed.
Lightning is a decentralized network using a smart arrangement process in the block chain to enable timely payments across a network of participants If you’ve constantly traded in Bitcoin, you may have suffered through hour-long (or day-long) transaction times. It’s becoming common for Bitcoin to have backlogs of 150k+ unconfirmed transactions at times of high transaction volume and involves unreasonable fees, Lightning Network is an arrangement of channels that allow bit coiners to move money without a need of bitcoin block chain. Lightning network is an approach of granting crypto currencies & bitcoin to accommodate more transactions at the same time.
TAPSCRIPT
Tap script is a scripting language with this language it is possible to calculate hashes which are inaccessible in legacy script. Bitcoin is entirely dealt in C++ Language. This is a recent proposal which allows users of single sign scripts, multiple sign scripts & complex contracts to use identical appearing commitments that enhance ability to do exchanges & provide privacy to all bitcoins.
Negligible changes for scripting with Tap script are as follows:
Reformulate unused or invalid transaction:The bytes of op codes that were never assigned, or which were made invalid by Satoshi Nakamoto or which were created for upgrades and have not been used yet have all been changed to have the semantics of an OP_SUCCESS op code that unconditionally renders any script containing that code valid. Because new rules added by future soft forks by making previously-valid things invalid, this maximal validity today will allow maximal flexibility in future soft forks. Of course, receivers get to choose what scripts they use to receive payments, so no one should include an OP_SUCCESS op code in their scripts until a soft fork has given it a new accomplished meaning.
Need Schnorr Signature ECDSA signatures used in Bitcoin will not be accepted in Tap script.
Multi sign symbols based New script:This change is made to allow for batch verification of multiple signatures, which can significantly speed up verifiable compared to checking each signature independently.
The current OP_CHECKMULTISIG and OP_CHECKMULTISIGVERIFY op codes are not available in Tap script. There are two alternatives. First, the existing single-sign OP_CHECKSIG and OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY may be used in series.
Reformulate sign ops limitAn early version of Bitcoin added a limit on the maximum number of signature-checking operations (sign ops) a block could contain, and versions of this limit were applied to later P2SH scripts.
TAPROOT
Taproot is a soft fork differs from a hard fork for such planner who are engaged on the contract of scaling, agreement, privacy and secure software. Taproot would enforce Schnorr signature. Individuals who deal with bitcoin have been waiting for such proposals for many years.
Some features of taproot are given below:
- Allow spender to put a minimum amount of data on the block chain.
- Lowering the fee rate for advanced users
- Allow planners or developers to write scripts that are much more complex
- Improve the privacy factor
- Enhance transactions efficiency
Taproot brings major improvements in terms of scalability, privacy & more when combined with Schnorr signature. Taproot is highly predictable & widely supported to promote Bitcoin. With Taproot Signatures will not be able to get malleable that is technically altering the signature of transactions before it gets confirmed will not be possible. Taproot could make a transaction in an experienced smart deal or Peer to Peer transactions become duplicate Anyone monitoring one of these transactions would see nothing but peer to peer transactions.
SCHNORR
Schnorr is a signature scheme or algorithm to enhance bitcoin privacy and its scale. It is the set of mathematical rules that connect private key, public key and signatures together or in simple words aggregation of multi signatures is known as Schnorr. Many cryptographers acknowledge Schnorr as the best signature or personal key as Schnorr consider following 3 factors:
However, until now, It has not been possible to use Schnorr in Bitcoin transaction. Another type of signature named Elliptic curve digital signature algorithm is use for bitcoin transactions.
Many Bitcoin transactions include multiple inputs (multiple bills and coins to a larger sum of money) which requires their own signatures for transfers and transmission every deal need its own signature but with Schnorr all inputs will require only one combined signature to represent all the different signatures Schnorr provides advantage that solely one signature must be included in a transaction and only one must be transmitted and only one must be included in a block.
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